Struggling to figure out when you should use e. What about i. What Does I. What Does Ex. Here's a look at how: "Please refer to ex. Rules for Using I. Tricks for Using I. Each has its own specific usage: "I. What's Next? Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Hayley Milliman. About the Author. Search the Blog Search. Find Out How. For these two abbreviations, the punctuation is fairly simple, although there are some exceptions as noted. Some of the rules of punctuation for these two abbreviations are as follows:.
Different disciplines use different style guides that have their own rules of punctuation for these and other abbreviations.
Generally, the above points should be followed in most cases in academic writing. Abbreviations are fairly standardized across all disciplines; however, always be sure to check your author guidelines and style guides for specific discipline for any exceptions to these rules.
Have you faced any problems while using e. What tips did you follow? Share with us in the comments section! If you already know the specific make, model and year of car you want to buy, searching is easy: Websites like autotrader.
It should be highlighted here how e. The car brands in the Miller quote are examples of the kinds of brands commonly sold in franchise dealerships.
If the writer were instead giving a clearer description of what was meant by franchise dealership , then she would use i. Like i. Since both abbreviations are used in similar situations, with similar functions—following a noun or category and preceding another noun or list—the tendency to confuse them is understandable.
One mnemonic device that could help keep them straight is to remember that e. It also helps to remember that both that is and for example function in English in the same way as i.
They had adopted their gender-neutral name a few years ago, when they began to consciously identify as nonbinary - that is [read: i. There were things that shouldn't work together but did, bringing to mind that only-in-New York funky style silver pants and a matching silver bag, for example [read: e. The abbreviation ca. Roger Bacon ca. Here the use of ca. If neither birth date nor death date is known for sure, then each is preceded by ca.
Outside of parentheses , you should usually avoid the use of ca. Do not write " The abbreviation etc. It should never be used in careful writing: it is vague and sloppy and, when applied to people, rather offensive. Instead, rewrite the sentence in a more explicit way: Central Africa was explored by Livingstone, Stanley and Brazza, among others. If you do find yourself using etc. Such monstrosities make your writing look hopelessly illiterate.
Again, if you avoid Latin abbreviations, you won't fall into such traps. Finally, there are two further and highly objectionable Latin abbreviations ibid.
Observe that it is usual to write Latin abbreviations in italics , but this is not strictly essential, and many people don't bother. There has recently been a fashion in some circles for writing Latin abbreviations without full stops , and you may come across things like ie and eg in your reading.
I consider this a ghastly practice, and I urge you strongly not to imitate it. Note, however, that et al. One final point: very many people who should know better use the Latin abbreviation cf.
Dixon This is quite wrong, since the writer is not inviting the reader to compare Dixon's work with anything, but only to consult that work for more information. Hence the correct form is this: The Australian language Dyirbal has a remarkable gender system; see Dixon This widespread blunder is a signal reminder of the danger of using Latin abbreviations when you don't know what they mean. Far too many writers fall into this trap, and write i.
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