Having infections that other people fight off easily, such as fungal infections of the mouth or skin. Frequent, severe infections. For example, someone with a primary immune deficiency may have:. Check your response to certain vaccines, such as pneumonia or pneumococcal vaccine.
Check your response to skin tests, such as tetanus, bacteria, and the fungus candida. Preventing infection. People who have immune disorders must work hard to not get an infection.
Basic hygiene is very important. This includes handwashing. But it is also important to not be around crowds or people who have colds and illnesses. Children with specific immune disorders should not get live virus vaccines. This can cause sickness. Long-term follow-up.
Immune disorders mean an ongoing risk of infection. They can be broadly classified into six groups based on the part of the immune system that's affected:. The only known risk factor is having a family history of a primary immune deficiency disorder, which increases your risk of having the condition. If you have a type of primary immune deficiency disorder, you might want to seek genetic counseling if you plan to have a family.
Complications caused by a primary immunodeficiency disorder vary, depending on what type you have. They can include:. Because primary immune disorders are caused by genetic defects, there's no way to prevent them. But when you or your child has a weakened immune system, you can take steps to prevent infections:. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version.
This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Primary immunodeficiency disorders — also called primary immune disorders or primary immunodeficiency — weaken the immune system, allowing infections and other health problems to occur more easily. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Common variable immune deficiency CVID is a disorder that impairs the immune system.
People with CVID are highly susceptible to infection from foreign invaders such as bacteria, or more rarely, viruses and often develop recurrent infections, particularly in the lungs , sinuses , and ears. Pneumonia is common in people with CVID. Over time, recurrent infections can lead to chronic lung disease. Affected individuals may also experience infection or inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract , which can cause diarrhea and weight loss.
Abnormal accumulation of immune cells causes enlarged lymph nodes lymphadenopathy or an enlarged spleen splenomegaly in some people with CVID. Immune cells can accumulate in other organs, forming small lumps called granulomas.
Approximately 25 percent of people with CVID have an autoimmune disorder, which occurs when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's tissues and organs. The blood cells are most frequently affected by autoimmune attacks in CVID; the most commonly occurring autoimmune disorders are immune thrombocytopenia , which is an abnormal bleeding disorder caused by a decrease in cells involved in blood clotting called platelets, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which results in premature destruction of red blood cells.
Other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis can occur. Individuals with CVID also have a greater than normal risk of developing certain types of cancer, including a cancer of immune system cells called non-Hodgkin lymphoma and less frequently, stomach gastric cancer.
People with CVID may start experiencing signs and symptoms of the disorder anytime between childhood and adulthood; most people with CVID are diagnosed in their twenties or thirties. The life expectancy of individuals with CVID varies depending on the severity and frequency of illnesses they experience. Most people with CVID live into adulthood. There are many different types of CVID that are distinguished by genetic cause. People with the same type of CVID may have varying signs and symptoms.
CVID is estimated to affect 1 in 25, to 1 in 50, people worldwide, although the prevalence can vary across different populations. The cause in CVID is unknown in approximately 90 percent of cases. It is likely that this condition is caused by both environmental and genetic factors. While the specific environmental factors are unclear, the genetic influences in CVID are believed to be mutations in genes that are involved in the development and function of immune system cells called B cells.
B cells are specialized white blood cells that help protect the body against infection. When B cells mature, they produce special proteins called antibodies also known as immunoglobulins. These proteins attach to foreign particles, marking them for destruction. Mutations in the genes associated with CVID result in dysfunctional B cells that cannot make sufficient amounts of antibodies.
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