Further, it may be done to assess problems such as genital warts on the cervix, inflammation of the cervix, benign growths or polyps , pain and bleeding.
Dr Gailani will perform this as a Day Stay procedure. It involves removing the abnormal cells from the tip of the cervix. This specimen is sent for histopathological examination. Complications are uncommon and include infection and bleeding. Most women will experience brown vaginal loss for about three weeks. It is advised that you avoid swimming, intercourse, baths and the use of tampons for this time to minimise the risk of infection.
A Pap smear during pregnancy is very safe. In case of an abnormal Pap smear, a colposcopy can be performed during pregnancy. However, further treatments are delayed until the birth of the baby. Choices Explained With a Clear Plan. Having an abnormal Pap smear does not mean you have cancer or even precancerous cells of the cervix.
Most abnormal Pap smear results will not progress to cancer, and abnormal cells can usually be treated when identified early, to prevent cervical cancer.
Most abnormal Pap smears are caused by certain types of human papillomavirus, or HPV. Frequently, these viruses and the cell changes that they cause on the cervix will go away on their own. However, HPV may stay in the body for many years without causing any signs or symptoms. When an abnormal Pap smear is concerning, you may need to have a biopsy of the cervix, which is usually done through a procedure called a colposcopy. This is done in the office and usually, a tissue biopsy is sent for pathology.
This will tell the actual diagnosis as to what the abnormality is on the cervix. Based on the biopsy results, you may need to have treatment to remove the abnormal cells. Treatment is usually recommended if the cervical abnormality is considered precancerous. However, if the abnormality is just mild or even moderate, it may be better to continue close observation versus having a procedure to treat the abnormality.
It is passed from person to person through sexual contact. But in some women, HPV does not go away quickly. A small number of these women will go on to develop CIN. However, it usually takes years for precancer changes in the cervix to cause cervical cancer. If you have an abnormal Pap test result, some of the terms used can be confusing. This system uses the term squamous intraepithelial lesion SIL to describe precancer changes. With this system, your results will be placed in one of several groups:.
Further Testing. If you are told that you have an abnormal Pap test result, you may need further testing. The follow-up that you receive after an abnormal Pap test result depends on your age and the grade of dysplasia see Table 1. Sometimes, there is more than one option for further testing. You and your health care provider will discuss each option and decide which is best for you.
Repeat Pap Test. For some women, one further testing option is to repeat the Pap test a few months later. This may give time for the changes to go away on their own.
For women 21 years and older with ASC—US, the test is given every 6 months until she has two normal results. She then can return to the routine Pap test schedule. HPV Testing.
Another option for some women is an HPV test. This test detects the presence of cancer-causing types of HPV in cervical cells.
The cells used for the initial Pap test often can be tested, so a woman does not need to return to the office for another test.
Colposcopy, Biopsy, and Endocervical Sampling. Colposcopy lets your doctor look at the cervix in more detail through a magnifying device. That's why regular Pap tests are so important. Sometimes the changed cells are due to other types of infection, such as those caused by bacteria or yeast. These infections can be treated. In women who have been through menopause, a Pap test may find cell changes that are just the result of getting older.
Certain sexual behaviors, like having sex without condoms and having more than one sex partner or having a sex partner who has other partners , can increase your risk for getting HPV. And HPV raises your risk for having an abnormal pap test. HPV can stay in your body for many years without your knowing it. So even if you now have just one partner and practice safer sex, you could still have an abnormal Pap test if you were exposed to HPV in the past.
Smoking or having an impaired immune system also raises your chances of having cell changes in your cervix. The cell changes themselves don't cause symptoms. HPV, which causes most abnormal Pap tests, usually doesn't cause symptoms either. If a different sexually transmitted infection is the cause of your abnormal test, you may have symptoms such as:. You may need more tests to find out if you have an infection or to find out how severe the cell changes are.
For example, you may need:. A colposcopy is usually done before any treatment is given. During a colposcopy, the doctor also takes a small sample of tissue from the cervix so that it can be looked at under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. Treatment, if any, will depend on whether your abnormal cell changes are mild, moderate, or severe. In moderate to severe cases, you may have treatment to destroy or remove the abnormal cells. Most abnormal Pap tests are caused by HPV infections.
Other types of infection—such as those caused by bacteria, yeast, or protozoa Trichomonas —sometimes lead to minor changes on a Pap test called atypical squamous cells. Natural cell changes that may happen during and after menopause can also cause an abnormal Pap test.
Certain sexual behaviors —such as having sex without condoms and having more than one sex partner—increase your risk of getting an HPV infection. And an HPV infection raises your risk for having abnormal test results. Lab specialists label abnormal cells according to how abnormal they are—how different they are from normal cells.
Knowing what type of abnormal cells you have helps your doctor decide on treatment. Minor cell changes may disappear without treatment. But sometimes they turn into more serious cell changes. Types of minor cell changes are:. In some countries, other labeling systems are used. These systems may use the term dysplasia to describe cervical cell changes.
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